Trojan Asteroids and their Places in the Solar System

Trojan Asteroids and their Places in the Solar System Space rocks are hot properties of the close planetary system nowadays. Space offices are keen on investigating them, mining organizations may before long be dismantling them for their minerals, and planetary researchers are keen on the job they played in the early nearby planetary group. For reasons unknown, Earth and almost the various planets owe a huge piece of their reality to space rocks, which added to the procedure of planetary development. Getting Asteroids Space rocks are rough items too little to even consider being planets or moons, however circle in different pieces of the nearby planetary group. At the point when cosmologists or planetary researchers talk about ​asteroids, they for the most part consider the locale in the close planetary system where huge numbers of them exist; its called the Asteroid Belt andâ liesâ between Mars and Jupiter. While most of the space rocks in our close planetary system appear to circle in the Asteroid Belt, there are different gatherings that circle the Sun at different separations in both the internal and external nearby planetary group. Among these are the alleged Trojan Asteroids, which are independently named after figures in the incredible Trojan Wars from Greek legends. These days, planetary researchers essentially allude to them as trojans.â The Trojan Asteroids First found in 1906, the Trojan space rocks circle the Sun along the equivalent orbital way of a planet or aâ ​moon. In particular, they either lead or follow the planet or moon by 60 degrees. These positions are known as the L4 and L5 Lagrange focuses. (LaGrange focuses are positions where the gravitational impacts from two bigger items, the Sun and a planet, for this situation, will hold a little article like a space rock in a stable orbit.) There are Trojans circling Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.â Jupiters Trojans Trojan space rocks were suspected to exist as far back as 1772 yet werent watched for quite a while. The numerical legitimization for the presence of Trojan space rocks was created in 1772 by Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Theâ application of the hypothesis he created prompted his name being connected to it.â Nonetheless, it was not until 1906 that space rocks were found at the L4 and L5 Lagrange focuses along Jupiters orbit. Recently, analysts have discovered that there might be countless Trojan space rocks around Jupiter. This bodes well since Jupiter has an exceptionally solid gravitational draw and likely caught more space rocks into its zone of influence. Some state there are could be the same number of around Jupiter as there are in the Asteroid Belt. In any case, late examinations have discovered that there might be frameworks of Trojan space rocks somewhere else in our nearby planetary group. These may really dwarf the space rocks in both the Asteroid Belt and Jupiters Lagrange focuses by a significant degree (for example there could be at any rate in excess of multiple times more). Extra Trojan Asteroids In one sense, Trojan space rocks ought to be anything but difficult to track down. All things considered, in the event that they circle at the L4 and L5 Lagrange focuses around planets, so onlookers know precisely where to search for them. Be that as it may, since a large portion of the planets in our close planetary system are extremely far away from Earth and in light of the fact that space rocks can be exceptionally small and unfathomably difficult to recognize, the way toward discovering them, and afterward estimating their circles, isn't exceptionally basic. Actually, it tends to be very difficult!â As proof of this, consider the ONLY Trojan space rock is known to circle along Earths way - 60 degrees before us - was justâ confirmed to exist in 2011! There are additionally seven affirmed Mars Trojan space rocks. In this way, the way toward finding these items in their anticipated circles around different universes requires meticulous work and a large number of perceptions at various seasons to get an immediate and exact proportion of their orbital periods.â Generally intriguing however is the nearness of Neptunian Trojan space rocks. While there around twelve affirmed, there are a lot more up-and-comers. Whenever affirmed, they would fundamentally dwarf the consolidated space rock check of the Asteroid Belt and Jupiter Trojans. This is a generally excellent explanation behind proceeding to consider this inaccessible district of the sun powered system.â There still could be extra gatherings of Trojan space rocks circling different items in our close planetary system, however up 'til now these are the aggregate of what we have found. More reviews of the nearby planetary group, especially utilizing infrared observatories, could turn up numerous extra Trojans circling among the planets.â Altered and overhauled via Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Different Styles of Imitation Essay

In The Transmission of Knowledge by Juan Luis Vives, Vives depicts his concept of legitimate impersonation. His essential hypothesis is that individuals are not inherently brought into the world with abilities of workmanship or talk and in this manner, these aptitudes are acquired through the impersonation of other gifted specialists or rhetoricians. This thought is corresponding to those of Petrarch and Alberti. Petrarch and Vives both state that legitimate impersonation ought to be practically equivalent to the manner in which a child takes after his dad. Vives says â€Å"A child is supposed to resemble his dad, less in that he reviews his highlights, his face and structure, but since shows to us his father’s habits, his manner, his discussion, his step, his developments, and in a manner of speaking his very life, which gives forward in his activities as he travels to another country, from the inward seat of the soul, and demonstrates his genuine self to us.† (190) Petrarch says, comparably, â€Å"As soon as we see the child, he reviews the dad to us, despite the fact that on the off chance that we should gauge each element we should discover them all different.†(199) The dad to child likeness is the premise of impersonation to both these creators. The two of them accept that a decent essayist should utilize impersonation in a manner where what they mimic looks like the first, yet does it not copy it. For Petrarch and Vives, this can be accomplished by appropriately incorporating perusing with composing. The two of them accept that by understanding something and having the option to process it altogether, one can move the general thought and sentiment of what he read onto his own composition. This makes a profound impersonation, instead of replicating what an author says in various words. The two creators utilize the dad to child allegory to show that impersonation ought to be important and reminiscent. Petrarch supplements this thought by asserting that perusing ought to be an alterative to encounter. As one would it could be said â€Å"experience† the dad through the child, one ought to comparably have the option to encounter the writer an author copies. To delineate this he referrers to â€Å"wandering† and â€Å"transport† all through his works. In particular, Petrarch exchanges composing with experience when he portrays climbing Mont Ventroux. He says â€Å"But nature isn't overwhelmed by a man’s gadgets; a mortal thing can't arrive at the statures by descending† and, further, â€Å"there I jumped in my winged idea from things physical to what is ethereal and tended to myself in words like these†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (39) The physical and otherworldly are connected so intently together that they transport and cover each other. As per Petrarch, qualities like this are attributes of a decent imitator. Vives likewise identifies with the sort of impersonation which exchanges the substantial activity with profound. He depicts a discourse, which connections activities with talk. He says â€Å"But these cutting edge imitators respect less the brain of the speaker in his demeanor, as the outward appearance of his words and the outer for of his style.† (191) Both scholars accept that by exchanging techne which mind, one can appropriately mirror and rise above a more profound importance of what the essayist is emulating. Despite the fact that Petrarch and Vives share comparative thoughts, they likewise hold a conflicting conviction: Petrarch just emulates Cicero, while Vives accepts that one ought to mimic a few models to make a solitary work. In spite of the fact that Vives unmistakably expresses that Cicero is the best model for writing in the conversational style: â€Å"Caesar and Epistles of Cicero will come into the primary position of conversational style,† (192) he likewise expresses that one ought to include composing by emulating a few scholars: â€Å"The more models we have and the less similarity there is between them, the more noteworthy is the advancement of eloquence.† (190) Foremost, Petrarch isn't writing in the conversational style, rather he utilizing the plain style. In this manner, he should emulate another essayist from the rundown Vives has determined. Likewise, Petrarch is just keen on emulating one author, Cicero. He protects the Ciceronian convention by composin g just in Cicero’s style. Thus, Petrarch doesn't peruse different scholars, similar to Dante, since he is anxious about the possibility that that he will end up being the result of what he peruses, thoughts and style. Rather he submerges himself in Cicero’s style by perusing his work in such profundity that he basically writes in Cicero’s style without realizing he is doing as such. Vives regards Cicero’s work, however he doesn't accept that Cicero is the best essayist. Other than Vives’ conviction that Petrarch ought to have imitated a few conversationalists, Vives additionally expresses that â€Å"imitation of Cicero’s work is valuable and safe, yet not of his style; for on the off chance that anybody can't make progress in the endeavor he will decline into excess, nerveless, indecent and plebeian sort of writer.† (191) Therefore, the distinction among Vives and Petrarch is that Vives accepts that one ought to mirror a few journalists and that Cicero isn't the best essayist. Further, he offers a rundown of essayists which ought to be imitated when attempting to accomplish a specific style. Petrarch, then again, writes in Cicero’s style and accepts that Cicero ought to be imitated while participating in each sort of composing. Alberti was a creator who was increasingly similar to Vives in this sense. He additionally accepted that one should grasp all the things which would make something wonderful into one. For instance, he says that all expressions are connected to painting by one way or another, and that all expressions take from join the abilities related with painting into their works: â€Å"The designer, on the off chance that I am not mixed up, takes from the painter architraves, bases, capitals, segments, fa㠯⠿â ½ades and other comparable things. All the smiths, stone workers, shops and societies are administered by the guidelines and craft of the painter. It is barely conceivable to locate any predominant craftsmanship which isn't worried about painting. with the goal that whatever magnificence is seen as supposed to be conceived of painting .†(Book II) Furthermore, it was critical to Alberti to mirror the laws of nature, instead of nature itself. He brought up that a planner should im itate the structure of the real world and the geometry covered up as a general rule. Like Vives and Petrarch, Alberti joined the real with the otherworldly to make the ideal craftsmanship. In any case, he takes after Vives, as in he accepts that one ought to copy a few things to make a certain something. One contrast among Alberti and Vives is that Vives accepts that one should begin emulating an individual who isn't the best at what he does, however somebody who is superior to the imitator. In the long run, as indicated by Vives, one ought to have the option to climb in rank and emulate the best. He says â€Å"it is a shrewd statute of M. Fabius Quintilian that young men ought not from the outset endeavor to ascend to copying of their lord, in case their quality bomb them. A simpler and snappier strategy will be to let them mirror somebody more learned than themselves among their colleagues, and fighting with him let them steadily ascend to replicating their lord himself.† (189) Alberti doesn't specify this technique for impersonation. Rather he says that with regards to workmanship, on must have â€Å"the favors of nature.† (Book I) as it were, Alberti unequivocally accepts that one ought to have a characteristic ability for what he is doing, and that the slow chain o f progress isn't really a set up technique, as Vives demonstrates. Likewise, Alberti utilizes a style that is short and to the point. He says â€Å"I ask that I might be exculpated if, where I over all desire to be comprehended, I have given more consideration to making my words understood than lavish. I accept what follows will be less dull to the peruser. (Book I) This kind of honesty is a recognized style of composing. He utilizes basic talk with the goal that his crowd can get a handle on the thought rapidly. This sort of style compares to the kind of workmanship he is expounding on. He says that he expounding on another kind of workmanship: â€Å"We are, nonetheless, assembling over again a specialty of painting about which nothing, from my perspective, has been composed since this age.†(Book II) His new style is mirroring his idea of having an alternate sort of manual towards craftsmanship. Likewise, his fundamental is to equip away from the Ancients and more towards the Florentine. By changing his style of composing he is accomplishing this, not just through what he saying about graduating workmanship from mechanical to liberal, yet in addition through his style and techne. Both Alberti and Vives invest energy talking about topic. Vives separates who ought to be imitated dependent regarding the matter of the piece being author. Additionally, Alberti focuses on the topic of the work of art. He says that a picture can just bring joy of the topic of the work of art brings joy. Alberti accepts that one must emulate the inclination he needs the watcher to have in the subject of his canvas for the craftsmanship to be fruitful. This is the thing that Vives is stating when he delineates that one must pick the best author in the subject that he needs to expound on and mirror that style to be fruitful. Both Petrarch and Alberti can be contrasted and Vives and his thoughts on impersonation. To every one of the three journalists impersonation assumes an enormous job on the most proficient method to introduce composed and aesthetic works. Every one of them three accept that impersonation of others will prompt achievement. Further, they accept that impersonation is the best way to figure out how to compose appropriately. Alberti includes another supposition: he says that to be the best, one must emulate, however before the impersonation procedure happens, one must have a characteristic ability for workmanship. Petrarch and Alberti both accept that one must copy what they accept is the correct convention through their styles. Petrarch has faith in the Ciceronian custom and follows in Cicero’s strides by mirroring his style. Alberti is more worried about comprehension than the utilization of smooth language. In general, to each of the three scholars impersonation assumes an immens e job in their comprehension of how composed work

Winterizing Your Home How To Prep for Winter on the Cheap

Winterizing Your Home How To Prep for Winter on the Cheap How to Prep Your Home for Winter on the Cheap How to Prep Your Home for Winter on the CheapDon’t let the winter frosts crack a hole in your budget.The summer weather may be lasting longer this year, but the cold shall come again. And when it does, you want to be ready for it. If you have a family, you don’t want them to be freezing through the season, and even if you live on your own, you still shouldn’t want to freeze. It’s very bad for your health.Of course, you can always run up huge heating bills and take out a high-interest loan to pay for damage from winter storms. Thats one way to get through  to springâ€"although your savings might not make it. Being broke isn’t as bad as freezing to death, the former can certainly lead to the latter, so it’s really better avoided.That’s why the time to start winterizing your home right now.  The sooner you get prepped, the better chance youll have to avoid serious bills and the predatory bad credit loans and no credit check loans that follow in their wake. That’s why we spoke to the experts to find out how you can get your home ready for winter for less. Read on to learn how to prepare your home for winter weather and save cash!Get an audit (the good kind)The first step in spending less on heating your home is figuring out how much you’re actually spending on heating your home and energy in your home in general. And the best way to do that is with an audit.“I just bought a home that is quite old, and Im worried about the energy costs I will accrue,” financial expert Maggie Germano (@MaggieGermano) told us, sharing her personal experience with preparing her home for winter. “This is especially true in the master bedroom, which was built into what used to be the attic. There are clearly some insulation issues, and I dont want to go broke paying my utilities. One solution Ive found is to get a home energy audit. There is a local company that teams up with my states environment department in order to cut energy use and spending. They assess you r home and recommend any changes or updates you should incorporate.To make it better, they tell you about any tax benefits you can get from the state by implementing these changes. So not only will you save money on energy costs, but youll also likely get a tax break for doing so. Im really looking forward to my energy audit, and cant wait to make my home as sustainable as possible.”Award-winning author Shel Horowitz (@shelhorowitz) advised how not to spend too much on your audit: “Get an energy audit from your local electric company. Power companies are under instructions to encourage conservation, so they typically do energy audits for free or for a $10 or $20 fee.”Of course, if you want to be sure you’re getting your energy audit for free, you can always perform your own version. “One way to prepare your home for winter is to review your electricity bills and address how much you’re actually paying for electricity,” suggested Kelly Bedrich, co-founder of  Electricit yPlans.com  (@shopelectricity). “If your home uses an electric heating system, electric hot water heater, or if you pull a Clark Griswold and like to go crazy with the holiday lights, you may benefit from shopping for a lower electricity rate.”Bedrich even offered some specific ways you can lower your rate in a previous article about keeping your house cool for less during the summer.But, of course, there are changes in behavior and home you can make to really rack up the savings while staying warm.Insulate, insulate, insulateA properly insulated house can be as warm as a little furry fox wrapped in a blanket licking hot cocoa from a small dog bowl by a roaring fire surrounded by a family telling it how much they love it.To that end, Ali Wenzke (@AliWenzke)  of  The Art of Happy Moving told us two essential insulation goals. The first targets one of the more obvious ways that the cold air cold air can leak into your house: the windows.“For under $10, you can make a huge impact on cutting down your winter heating bills by using a window insulation kit. If done properly, you wont even notice the plastic wrap on your windows. If youre not crazy about the look, then compromise and only insulate windows that you see less often or that are usually covered by window treatments.”The other location is a little bit spookier: “Even if theres a layer of insulation in your unconditioned attic floor, the problem is that the heat will rise to fill the cold area created by any leaks or holes. Namely, the heat youre trying to conserve in your home will sneak its way up through the attic door. To save yourself some money in the long term, invest in an attic insulation tent or a box that fits over the opening of your pull-down stairs.”John Bodrozic, co-founder of Homezada (@HomeZada) gave us even more advice for keeping the heat from leaking out of the attic:“Check the attic for spots or areas where the insulation is a bit thin. This could be over an access door, o r in areas around pipes, and equipment that go through the attic floor and into the house. Adding a few layers of insulation there really helps warm air from escaping the house.“Check your ductwork in the attic. Most ductwork in the attic is hung, and therefore develops a sag over time. This sagging can create a situation where a smaller piece of the ductwork has disconnected from a bigger part. This creates a lot of waste as hot conditioner air is blowing into the attic and not into the house/room where the disconnected duct is.“In addition, you should consider insulating the ductwork and making sure as much of each duct is wrapped in insulation. This is another area where heat escapes and thus the house not being as warm as it should.”But that’s not all!Finding an outletIt turns out there might be heat leaking out of your house in nearly every room. Here’s what Horowitz told us to look out for:“Put your hand over an electrical outlet on an outside wall on a cold night and you’ll feel the rush of frigid air! Insulate your electrical outlets, switches, and phone jacks on outside walls.If your energy auditor didn’t give them to you, most hardware stores sell inexpensive foam outlet and phone jack insulation pads; just unscrew the faceplate, slip the foam pad on, and put the faceplate back.”Now let’s climb up onto the roof!The roof, the roof, the roof being on fire isn’t an advisable way to keep your house warmLet’s head all the way to the roof of the house now, or as nobody calls it, the hat of your home.“Your roof is integral, keeping your house warm, dry, insulated and protected from the outdoors,” Sage Singleton, home maintenance expert at Safewise (@SafeWise), advised. “Just like a car needs a regular oil change, your roof needs a regular inspection to make sure it is in good condition. Dont wait for the harsh winter months to see if the roof is leaking or has ice backup. Ice backup forms in winter and is caused by poor ventila tion or inadequate insulation in the attic.”And Singleton also had some advice for the roof’s sideburns, the gutters: “Gutters control water flow, away from your roof, walls, and foundation. When they get clogged with leaves and debris throughout the year, they no longer function properly. If your gutters are clogged, they can cause water to overflow and flood your basement. Clean out your rain gutters, ideally each spring and fall. Cleaning your gutters in the autumn ensures they are clear of debris and will function properly in the cold, wet months to come.”And what are gutters, really, butThe time is pipepipes that have been cut in half. And when it comes to getting your house ready for winter, it’s important to get the pipes ready.“During winter, outside water can freeze and burst exterior pipes,” warned Singleton. “Rather than letting this happen, take precautions to prevent frozen pipes by disconnecting all garden hoses and draining any water left in outdoor sp igots. If you have an automatic sprinkler system, drain it as well.If the temperature will drop below freezing overnight, leave exterior faucets trickling to avoid the pressure buildup that causes burst pipes. You can also avoid frozen and burst pipes inside your house by insulating your home and pipes. Use foam, heating cables, or pipe sleeves, and seal any cracks in your home’s exterior.”When you winterize around the house, you winterize AROUND the houseAnd now, before we go, we’ve got some more general tips you can use to keep your house warm on the cheap.Carson Yarbrough, personal finance and savings specialist for credit cards at Offers.com (@Offers), gave us three different winter prep tips.The first was about your water heater: “Get free savings with this simple trick. Hot water heaters are typically set at around 140 degrees. Lower the temperature on yours to 120 for savings on thermal energy costs. You’ll also lessen the chance of accidental burns, and the water w ill still be hot enough for showers, laundry and doing the dishes!”Next she offered us a way to insulate one of the few places in the house we hadn’t told you to insulate yet: “You can install a door sweep to stop chilly winds from entering your home under an outside door. A door sweep is a flexible piece of rubber or plastic that’s held to the door’s lower edge by a strip of aluminum. You can find cheap door sweeps at home improvement stores anywhere from $6-$40.”And your furnace filters? Yeah, Yarbrough told us you’re going to want to replace those: “Dirty furnace filters reduce furnace efficiency and raise heating utility bills. They also shorten the life of a furnace! Check and replace the furnace filter monthly in winter to see savings on your monthly bill. If youre unable to see through the filter, its time to replace it. You can find a 4 pack at Walmart for just $15 $3.75 a filter well worth it for those added winter savings!”Jeffrey Weldler, Marketing Dir ector and Interior Decorating Expert at Vänt Wall Panels (@VantPanels), gave us a couple tips of things to keep an eye on around the house: “Keep closet doors closed and close off rooms you don’t use. Close vents in unused rooms so you don’t pay to heat space you’re not using. Look for cracks in your exterior or foundation. You can seal them with caulking to keep the draft out. Also check the roof for missing shingles or tiles to make sure moisture doesn’t get in your attic and cause mold.”Finally, Kelly McClenahan, decluttering expert for Price Self Storage (@PriceStorage), told us a way to winterize your home while making it even homier: “This time of transition is a good time to spruce up your home and organize your things for the coming cold seasons. Arrange blankets on couches, chairs, and beds throughout the house so they will be within reach when the chill starts creeping in.Make your bedroom ready for the cold by switching out your light summery bed linens for cozier fabrics and richer colors. Flannel sheets are great for cold nights. Layer blankets or even a faux fur throw to add richness and warmth. Slippers are the best way to keep your feet warm in the winter. A basket of slippers by your front door for visitors to don after taking off their muddy or snowy boots would be a nice touch.”Take all of this advice, and your home will be as warm as our appreciation for you! And without breaking the bank!How do you prepare your home for winter? Let us know! You can email us or you can find us on  Facebook and  Twitter.  ContributorsKelly Bedrich  is Co-Founder and President of  ElectricityPlans.com, an innovative electricity shopping experience focused on quality electricity providers, straightforward plans, and data-driven tools to help customers find their perfect electricity plan.   He is also President of  Cypress Capital Ventures LLC, a website portfolio company focused on addressing consumer needs in renewable energy. He is an IT ent repreneur, energy conservation advocate, and loves to help others reduce their energy usage through awareness and education.John Bodrozic  is a co-founder of  HomeZada, an online and mobile home management solution. HomeZada strives to educate and provide resources for homeowners in all areas of home management, including home inventory, home maintenance, home finances and home improvement projects.Maggie Germano,  is a Certified Financial Education Instructor and financial coach for women. Her mission is to give women the support and tools that they need to take control of their money, break the taboo of discussing debt and income, and achieve their goals and dreams. She does this through one-on-one  financial coaching, monthly  Money Circle  gatherings, her weekly  Money Monday  newsletter, and speaking engagements. To learn more, or to schedule a free discovery call, visit  maggiegermano.com.Kelly McClenahan is a storage industry professional, marketing manager for Price Self Sto rage (@PriceStorage) and editor for the Live Uncluttered Blog. She enjoys finding and sharing creative solutions to home decluttering and organization challenges.Jeffrey Weldler  is the Marketing Director and Home Design Expert at Vänt Wall Panels. Vänt Wall Panels are the most innovative and user-friendly wall décor system ever created. Vänt is inspiring living at its finest. They’re perfect for every room in the house,  from the kitchen and bedroom to the living room and office. Learn more about Vänt by visiting  Vänt Wall Panels.Ali Wenzke, Moving Expert, moved 10 times in 11 years. Now she’s helping the millions of people who move each year by providing practical tips on how to make moving a happy experience at  The Art of Happy Moving. After calling seven U.S. states home, Ali is now happily settled in the Chicago suburbs with her husband and three children. She doesn’t plan on moving anytime soon.Carson Yarbrough is a Consumer Insights Specialist for Offers.com (@ Offers), and loves finding a good deal. She covers all things shopping, spending, and deal-hunting. Carson is passionate about discovering the best finds and sharing insights with consumers. In her free time, she loves finding free shows, music festivals and spending time around the beautiful city of Austin.

French Phrases Related to Mardi Gras

Mardi Gras is an annual celebration called le mardi gras (literally, Fat Tuesday) or le carnaval in French. It is celebrated all around the world. Les Dates de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Dates) Mardi Gras takes place 46 days before Easter (le Pà ¢ques) — that is, sometime between February 3 and March 9. Mardi Gras is the day before Lent (le carà ªme), which begins on Ash Wednesday (le mercredi des Cendres). The most famous Mardi Gras celebration is held in New Orleans (la Nouvelle-Orlà ©ans), but many cities in Europe and the Americas also put on spectacular events. Les Couleurs de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Colors) Mardi Gras has three official colors:le violet  Ã‚  Ã‚  purple (justice)lor  Ã‚  Ã‚  gold (power)le vert  Ã‚  Ã‚  green (faith) Les Traditions de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Traditions) Mardi Gras is traditionally celebrated with a parade led by a captain, during which trinkets, or throws, are tossed to the crowd. The parade is followed by a costume ball presided over by a king and queen. Le Vocabulaire de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Vocabulary) une babiole  Ã‚  Ã‚  trinketun bal masquà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  costume ballun bijou  Ã‚  Ã‚  jewelle capitaine  Ã‚  Ã‚  captainun char  Ã‚  Ã‚  floatun collier  Ã‚  Ã‚  necklaceun costume  Ã‚  Ã‚  costumele courir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mardi gras runune couronne  Ã‚  Ã‚  crownun dà ©filà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  paradeun dà ©guisement  Ã‚  Ã‚  disguiseun doublon  Ã‚  Ã‚  doubloonune effigie  Ã‚  Ã‚  effigyun feu de joie  Ã‚  Ã‚  bonfireun flambeau  Ã‚  Ã‚  torchla foule  Ã‚  Ã‚  crowdun krewe  Ã‚  Ã‚  krewe (Mardi gras organizer)un mardi gras  Ã‚  Ã‚  a person who really gets into celebrating Mardi grasle masque  Ã‚  mask (make a Mardi gras mask)une paillette  Ã‚  Ã‚  sequinune perle  Ã‚  Ã‚  beadla plume  Ã‚  Ã‚  featherla reine  Ã‚  Ã‚  queenle roi  Ã‚  Ã‚  kingFrench expressions with mardi gras Le Slogan de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Slogan) Mardi Gras slogan is Let the good times roll, which is translated literally into French as Laissez les bons temps rouler.

logic - definition and observations

Definition: The study of the principles of reasoning. Logic (or dialectic) was one of the arts in the medieval trivium. Over the course of the 20th century, notes A.D. Irvine, the study of logic has benefited, not only from advances in traditional fields such as philosophy and mathematics, but also from advances in other fields as diverse as computer science and economics (Philosophy of Science, Logic and Mathematics in the Twentieth Century, 2003) See also: ArgumentDeduction Enthymeme and Syllogism FallacyInductionInferenceInformal LogicLogical ProofLogosRenaissance Rhetoric Etymology: Observations: But of all the arts the first and most general is logic, next grammar, and finally rhetoric, since there can be much use of reason without speech, but no use of speech without reason. We gave the second place to grammar because correct speech can be unadorned; but it can hardly be adorned before it is correct.(John Milton, The Art of Logic, 1672)Logic is the armory of reason, furnished with all defensive and offensive weapons. There are syllogisms, long swords; enthymemes, short daggers; dilemmas, two-edged swords that cut on both sides; sorites, chain-shot.(Thomas Fuller, The General Artist, 1661) Logic and RhetoricA good deal of everyday talk, even gossip, is intended to influence the beliefs and actions of others and thus constitutes a kind of argument. . . . [A]dvertisements often just provide product information rather than advance explicit arguments, yet clearly every such ad has an implied conclusion--that you should buy the advertised product.Nevertheless, it is important to understand the difference between rhetoric that is primarily expository and discourse that is basically argumentative. An argument makes the claim, explicit or implicit, that one of its statements follows from some of its other statements. It at least implies that acceptance of its conclusion is justified if one accepts its premises. A passage that is purely expository gives us no reason to accept any facts it may contain (other than the implied authority of the writer or speaker, as, for example, when a friend tells us that she had a good time at the beach).(Howard Kahane and Nancy Cavender, Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life, 10th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006) Formal Logic and Informal LogicSome logicians study only formal logic; that is, they work only with abstract models that have purely logical substance and content. . . .Relating the abstract systems of formal logic to real statements and arguments is not part of formal logic itself; it require s the consideration of many issues and factors beyond the basic logical forms of the statements and arguments. The study of the factors other than logical form relevant to the analysis and evaluation of statements and arguments of the kind that occur in everyday situations is known as informal logic. This study includes considerations of such things as: identification and clarification of vague or ambiguous statements; identification of unstated assumptions, presuppositions or biases and making them explicit; recognition of frequently used but highly questionable premises; and assessment of the strength of analogies between more or less similar cases.(Robert Baum, Logic, 4th edition, Harcourt Brace, 1996) Pronunciation: LOJ-ik

Are people from Northern Ireland loyal to Airlines Free Essays

string(175) " within Europe and its emergence in the market in the United States that the â€Å"traditional† airlines were forced to change their strategies in order to remain competitive\." Introduction Literature Review The Financial Times in 2007 reported that the worlds largest airline – American Airlines, was losing as much as $5m per day and was threating collapse under a huge $20bn of debt. Such a shocking statistic highlights the need for the airline industry to review their operations. Such a relevant topic for research requires a full review of current literature in order to recognise the current trends and identify an area for in-depth study. We will write a custom essay sample on Are people from Northern Ireland loyal to Airlines? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The current economic turbulence has provided many challenges across every industry and especially within the price sensitive industries competition has become significantly fiercer as firms compete to win the loyalty of the consumer and attempt to retain them. In an attempt to attract customers to their brand, organisations, particularly in the retail, travel and hospitality industries have developed customer loyalty schemes. Consumers have certain expectations about the products or services they purchase and about the suppliers of those products. Blackwell et al (2006) identifies the satisfaction that consumers experience when their expectations are met or exceeded often results in loyalty to a product or supplier. Consistent over exceeding expectations can often be difficult to achieve, however, by ensuring that those expectations are always met a company can instil its brand loyalty onto the consumer which can be extremely difficult to change. However, Hill et al (2003), indicate s that being a good supplier that merely satisfies its customers is no longer enough. Consumers today, in particular business customers are confident that they can decide themselves on the level of value received from an organisation, and whether or not they can receive better value elsewhere. Jones and Sasser (1995) found that customers who reported that they were very satisfied were six times more likely to repurchase products than those who said they were simply satisfied. Within the highly competitive airline industry it is important that services stand out from the competition. In order to achieve this Nardiri et al. (2008) indicates that managers must understand their customers’ needs and then set out to meet (or exceed) these needs. If service quality is to be improved, it must be reliably assessed and measured. The current economic crisis has saw some high profile businesses fall across all industries and the air-travel industry has been no exception. Dutch national carrier KLM, which prides itself as being the first scheduled airline operator in the world, in 2004, announced gigantic losses of over $473m, which in turn forced desperate survival talks with Air France yet another troubled national carrier. Although, KLM and Air France are not the only struggling airlines in the current recession, the Financial Times in July 2007 Singapore Airlines reported its first ever quarterly loss of $177m. Daniel et al 2003, identifies numerous reasons for the poor economic performance of some of the worlds biggest, and once most profitable airlines. They state that; all of this red ink has proved devastating to the airlines and many in the USA have been calling out for government intervention. Hayward 2004, suggests that a fallout in demand is one of the primary reasons for the problems within the airline industry. He states that the airline industry has been hit particularly hard by an unprecedented collapse in customer confidence, mainly due to War in Iraq, and continuing effects of the 2001 terrorist tragedies. Along with the continuing rising cost of oil prices and fuel, has lead to airlines reviewing their low-cost concepts. For many of the larger international, long haul carriers the introduction of fuel surcharges, in particular with long haul flights. British Airways and Virgin Atlantic use fuel surcharges as common practise on long haul flights much to the disagreement with the extra charge from the consumers. Reichheld (2001), suggests that loyal customers are more profitable, because the costs of sales are amortised over a longer period, they increase their purchases and percentage of spend with you, cost less to administer, refer others, and are willing to pay a premium. Therefore is it little wonder that companies seek to retain as many loyal customers as possible. Authors such as Hill et al (2003), Blackwell et al (2006), Smith and Wheeler (2002), have all identified that there is a significant relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. By offering the best value to the consumer and ensuring that they are satisfied organisations can be sure of retaining their loyalty. However, Blackwell et al (2006) indicate that although a satisfactory consumption experience does not guarantee loyalty, the likelihood that customers will remain loyal depends on their level of satisfaction. Fornell and Wernerfelt (1987) suggested that consumers holding negative evaluations of the product following consumption are unlikely to buy again; those holding positive evaluations are much more likely to repurchase the product. However, although a consumer may be satisfied today, due to the tempting incentives that other competitors may offer, customers can be convinced to swap brands. One of the most wide-reaching changes impacting on the supply of tourist transport provision is the low-cost airline. The development of the low-cost carriers has not only provided increased competition to the traditional airlines but has also increased competition within other modes of transport such as trains, ferries and buses, they have also impacted upon the way that many airports deal with these carriers. In 1991, before the emergence of the low-cost airline Elster and Roemer put forward the statement that; the airline business is a mass market with mostly standardised services. All customers used to be, and still mostly are, treated the same. Furthermore, there is little differentiation between airlines. (Elster and Roemer 1991) However, Tiernan (2008) highlights that the removal of restrictions on fares, as well as legislative and regulatory changes to encourage new entrant low-cost carriers, has changed the competitive landscape. Ryanair and easyJet in the E.U. and JetBlue and Spirit in the U.S.A. highlight a new breed of carrier. (Tiernan et al 2008) It is widely accepted that the success of the low-cost, no-frills airline concept within Europe and its emergence in the market in the United States that the â€Å"traditional† airlines were forced to change their strategies in order to remain competitive. You read "Are people from Northern Ireland loyal to Airlines?" in category "Essay examples" A Mintel report investigating loyalty schemes in tourism reveal that; Aer Lingus (EI) quit the One World alliance in June 2006, having joined in 2000, the airline cited a dramatic change in its strategic direction, namely its move towards recreating itself as a low-cost point-to-point carrier. (Mintel 2006) Gustafsson et al (1998), state that; many airline companies have lost track of the true needs of their passengers, and are trapped in out-dated views of what airline services are all about. They further go on to state that; the goal of service development is to attract and keep customers who are satisfied, loyal and speak well of the company, but perhaps most importantly to keep profitable customers. (Gustafsson 1998) Francis et al (2004) predicted that low-cost airlines in Europe would increase their market share of short haul traffic from 6 per cent in 2004 to 25 – 33 per cent by 2010. According to UBM Aviation (2011) the three main low-cost airlines, Ryanair, Flybe, and easyJet, all of which fly from airports across Northern Ireland, had a combined domestic market share in the UK of 55%, with Flybe taking 31% of the market share alone, beating British Airways, a traditional flag / national airline by 11%. Therefore, within the UK the predictions made by Francis (2004) were under estimated. Below shows the breakdown of the UK and domestic market share in terms of seat capacity for top 5 airlines within the UK. Carrier UK Domestic Weekly Seat Capacity UK Domestic Destinations Operated UK and Domestic Market Share (seat capacity) Flybe 197,542 35 31% British Airways 126,840 9 20% easyJet 101,485 13 16% BMI 66,455 9 11% Ryanair 52,731 11 8% (Source: Flightbase June 7 2010 – UBM Aviation) The most widely accepted definition of customer loyalty comes from Jacoby and Kyner (1973), who describe loyalty as the biased (i.e. non-random), behavioural response (i.e. purchase), expressed over time, by some decision making unit, with respect to one or more alternative brands out of a set of such brands, and is a function of psychological (i.e. decision making, evaluation) processes. However, Oliver (1999) disputes this definition, as he believes that loyalty is developed in a linear fashion, and places greater emphasis on situational influences. Oliver (1999) defines customer loyalty as; a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatrionise a preferred product or service consistently in the future, causing repetitive same brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts. Dean (2007) defines customer loyalty as; the degree to which a customer recommends, and expresses a preference for future use of a particular company. Gourdin and Kloppenborg (1991) indicate that; retaining passenger loyalty requires reducing or eliminating negative influences on service quality by ensuring customers high quality rate service. Additionally, Peppers, Rogers and Dorf (1999) suggest that companies must closely monitor customer characteristics to accurately target desirable customers, considering not merely demographics but also consumption behaviours, and preferences. Taiwanese airlines through the use of data mining have successfully and effectively obtained loyal passenger decision information, including personal information, consumption behaviour, and perceived service quality in order to retain passenger loyalty. (Wong et al. 2006) Yi (1990) defines customer satisfaction as; an emotional response to the experiences provided by, associated with particular products and services purchased, retail outlets, or even molar patterns of behaviour such as shopping and buyer behaviour, as well as the overall market place. Service quality promotes customer satisfaction, stimulates intention to return, and encourages recommendations, (Nadiri Hussain 2005), a point that Barsky and Labagh (1992) further develop by stating that; customer satisfaction increases profitability, market share, and return on investment. Davidow (2003) and Ekiz Arasli (2007) have highlighted that there is a strong relationship between the level of customer satisfaction and repeat business. The higher degree of customer satisfaction, the greater the likelihood of repurchase and spreading positive word of mouth communication. (Davidow (2003), Ekiz Arasli (2007)). Blackwell (2006) identifies that the discussion of a consumption experience with other people is a common activity. Negative consumption experiences not only reduce the odds of repeat buying, but also lead to consumers saying unflattering things when discussing their experiences with others. Dissatisfied customers can sometimes go to great lengths to express their negative experiences with others, including complete strangers. Holloway (2004) recognises that customer relationship management is already well established in the travel and tourism industries. He gives the example that regular customers of airlines are entitled to the award of frequent flyer benefits, which can include selective upgrading or the accumulation of free air miles according to the number of paid-for miles travelled. The original concept of the frequent flyer programme can be traced back to 1979, when American Airlines advertising agency proposed that it offer its best customers a so-called special loyalty fare. However, this new concept was short lived as just six days later one of American Airlines major competitors, United Airlines launched its own frequent flyer programme. The idea of frequent flyer programmes was one of the airlines first attempts to take advantage of both economies of scale and scope. In the 1980’s the rules and regulations associated with the frequent flyer programmes where simple, a passenger would collect miles and redeem them either against a free flight or an upgrade to the next higher available class of service. Today however frequent flyer programmes are complex in design and many passengers report that they cannot use their miles to book the flight that they want. InsideFlyer suggests that; on average, airlines currently sell 80% of seats to paying passenger s, which is 20 percentage points higher than the historic norm of 60%. (InsideFlyer – cited in Mintel Report 2006) Holloway (2004) however, highlights that not all organisations may benefit from such customer relationship marketing (CRM), and there are many examples within the travel and tourism industry that can be identified that will deliberately avoid CRM within their marketing mix. Airline operators which market themselves strongly on price, such as Ryanair, easyJet, and Flybe could be wasting their time and effort on loyalty schemes. Holloway identifies that if; companies like Ryanair with its total focus on price, would have to compromise this approach if CRM were to be introduced. (Holloway 2004 pg. 115) Such programs focused on loyalty and repeat business in a price competitive market like low cost airlines would most likely cause more damage to those organisations in terms of their pricing image than the amount of business that they could generate. The introduction of a loyalty scheme such as a frequent flyer program involves high initial investments to design, introduce and implement, however they also promise a high return if successful in the long run, therefore carriers such as Ryanair and easyJet would be forced to either cut additional costs elsewhere in an already low cost operation or most likely pass the additional costs onto the consumer. Nevertheless, not all low cost carriers have taken this stance, Flybe for example are able to offer their frequent flyers lounge access at certain airports and free priority boarding and check-in where available. The Flybe scheme is aimed mainly at those passengers that fly regularly for business with the airline, although it is availabl e to all customers. Morrison (2002) relates to a survey carried out in 1993 by Travel Weekly, of business travellers, that found approximately 78% of the respondents rated frequent flier programmes as either very important or somewhat important when making travel arrangements. Robinson and Andersen (2004) suggests that the perception of the troubles in Northern Ireland through literature by such writers as Joseph O’Connor, Roddy Doyle, and Mary Beckett to name a few has assisted in the discolouration of external and tourist perceptions of Northern Ireland and contributes to the negative imagery that keeps tourist numbers low, when economically it would help if they were high. Lennon and Titterington (1996) suggest that Northern Ireland as early as 1969 lost most if not all its attraction as a significant tourist destination as the troubles began. They also highlighted that there was a weakness of tourism in Northern Ireland prior to the 1994 cease fire, and predicted in 1996 that if the ceasefire held then Northern Ireland would experience significant increases in the tourism market, which would also be enhanced by the NITB (Northern Ireland Tourist Board), marketing efforts. Wing indicated in the 1990’s that; a critical factor for the development of Northern Ireland tourism was the availability of convenient and price competitive access transport. He continues to highlight that with two main airports and good ferry linkages to the UK mainland through Belfast and Larne access to Northern Ireland has always been relatively easy, although quite expensive. (Cited in Lennon and Titterington 1996) 2004 saw a significant turnaround for Northern Ireland tourism, with the introduction of nine daily flights from Belfast International Airport, Aldergrove, by easyJet which allowed the number of tourists entering Northern Ireland to rise above the two million mark for the first time. Further development of Belfast International Airport saw the addition of two other major airlines, Aer Lingus and Continential airlines which now operates under the United Airlines name. The capacity of Northern Ireland’s airports also plays a particularly important role in the number of airlines that choose to operate from the three main airports. Belfast city airport (George Best) has tight restrictions on the number of flights operated per year, along with operating times and runway restrictions due to the length. The row over expanding the airport has been dated back to 1999, and began by Belfast International Airport criticising the plans to develop the city airport at a cost of ?21m. In a high profile exit from the city airport Ryanair decided to close its hub there as a runway extension in October 2010 was further postponed due to further investigations and pending another report, mainly to address concerns with resident’s arguments against the increase in air traffic associated with the expansion of the airport. With the current runway length at Belfast city airport Ryanair aircraft, (Boeing 737-800), are restricted heavily due to safe take-off weights in relation to the length of the runway, as a result the airline was only able to operate short haul flights, mainly to the UK mainland. It would be unlikely for Ryanair to consider moving its hub to Belfast International Airport as two of its main competitors already operate from there, Aer Lingus and easyJet. Although, Ryanair took the decision to withdraw its operations from Belfast city airport, BMI (British Midlands International) saw the withdrawal as an opportunity and it resumed flights from Belfast city airport, and on April 13 2011 the airline announced seven new routes to begin operating from Belfast City airport in early 2012. However, BBC News reported that the Belfast City Airport Watch Steering Group, were angry at politicians claiming that they are allowing the airport to become an international airport. The addition of BMI into the network of airlines operating from Northern Ireland is significant, as it and Continental Airlines (now United) are the only airlines within Northern Ireland that are members of the STAR Alliance. Described as the largest and most awarded airline alliance in the world, the STAR alliance is able to offer 16,500 daily flights around the world to 912 destinations in 160 countries. (Mintel 2006) Belfast City Airport was also served a further blow in early April 2011 when easyJet announced that it planned to remove its twice daily flight to London Luton from Belfast City airport back to the International airport. EasyJet are quoted to have said that during the 15 month trial from the city airport it found that there were no tangible benefits for its passengers to fly from Belfast City Airport over the International airport. (source: www.easyjet.com [Accessed 04/04/2011]) Many airlines are in a race against time to turn things around. Rarely before have we borne witness to such a prolific strategic challenge with long term implications for us all. (Hayward 2003) A successful review of the literature has identified major themes such as the importance of customer loyalty pre and post the introduction of low cost airlines. Frequent flier programmes have been identified as being important during and up to the period late 1970’s until circa 2004. Since then airlines have diversified to meet the growing trend of a more price sensitive customer. This is particularly relevant within mainland UK due to a broader range of customer choice, along with a greater availability of cheaper travel options. Research was not available in terms of Northern Ireland, where there is less availablitly of choice for airline passengers. Therefore this research will attempt to fill this research gap by studying the relationship between consumer loyalty and the local airlines. Methodology: Qualitative research is used to explore the attitudes, behaviours and experiences of consumers mainly through the use of interviews or focus groups and is aimed at collecting as much in-depth opinionated information as possible from the participants. Dawson (2010, p.14) explains that, â€Å"as it is attitudes, behaviour and experiences which are important, fewer people take part in the research, but the contact with these people tends to last a lot longer.† Quantitative research on the other hand generates statistics through the use of large scale survey research, using methods such as questionnaires or structured interviews. Quantitative research reaches many more people, but the contact with those people is much quicker than it is in qualitative research. (Dawson 2010) Walliman (2004) suggests that the use of quantitate research often involves collecting primary data in the form of survey research. It is important to realise that within the great debate among academics about which is better, qualitative versus quantitative, that certain methodologies become popular depending on the situation they are to be applied to. Dawson (2010) highlights that all methodologies have their own specific strengths and weaknesses, and should be acknowledged and addressed by the researcher. Within social research the use of interviews is a useful tool if the researcher wants to find out in-depth information from respondents. However, there are three different types of interviews which need to be considered in order to identify which one will best suit the situation being researched. A researcher will be required to identify if unstructured, semi-structured, or structured interviews are most suited. Unstructured interviews are in depth and seek to achieve a holistic understanding of the interviewees’ situation and point of view. This type of interview relies on the participant guiding the direction of the conversation with little or no help from the researcher. Due to these limitations unstructured interviews can only be applied to qualitative research. In the investigation of establishing if the people of Northern Ireland are loyal to airlines, unstructured interviews would be useful in finding out specifically why people remain loyal, however due to time restraints and the difficulty of choosing suitable candidates this method will not be used. In attempting to establish which method of interviews would be most suitable it would appear that semi-structured interviews may be most suitable. By using this method the researcher can find out specific information which can be compared and contrasted with information gathered in other interviews. Each interview will require the same questions to be asked and answered but remain flexible enough for participants to express their views. An interview schedule will be produced which will contain the list of questions to be asked, and will provide the framework for the guidance of each interview. The researcher will aim to identify a mixture of suitable candidates from each of the bandwidths identified from the questionnaire, along with a mixture of genders as suitable interviewees. Therefore there will be six interviews in total with an aim of three males and three females, by ensuring a mixture of interviewees from each age band the research will then reflect a sound spread of demographical opinions. The interviews will be carried out in a private room within the University of Ulster Belfast library, and will last approximately between 45 minutes to 1 hour. Each interview will be recorded using a digital voice recorder, and then a transcript will be produced using the recordings and Microsoft Word. The second form of collecting primary data will be through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaire will consist of a mixture of open and closed questions. Open ended questions will be used in the areas of the questionnaires where additional information is sought to be collected and where answers maybe difficult to predict. Before distributing the questionnaire to the general public a pilot survey will be distributed in order to identify any problems with the wording of questions and to ensure that participants understand what is being asked of them. It will also be used to establish whether additional questions are required and to identify the nature of these. Once the pilot study is completed the questionnaires will be distributed using two different mediums. It will be available online and also as paper form. As most older people, in particular those that fall within the older age bands are not familiar with the use of the internet printed copies of the questionnaire will be a better way to capture information from those groups. By distributing the questionnaire online this will allow it to be exposed to a larger number of people across Northern Ireland, the researcher plans to use Survey Monkey (www.surveymonkey.com) which is a free online survey and questionnaire tool. Once the questionnaire is available to be completed by participants the link will be advertised on social networking media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, potential respondents will also be emailed the link. In order to process the data collected a mixture of the use of SPSS and NVivo will be used. Both programmes specialise in the analysis of data. NVivo allows the data to be easily transferred into other programmes such as Excel and Word which will be useful in the findings stage of the research. SPSS however will be used to input the main data collected, and will be used to establish cross tabulations of data. A time frame of one month to collect the data required from the questionnaires and one month to conduct interviews will be set. In order to meet the objectives of this study an analysis of potential methods was undertaken. Most research can draw on a mixed methods approach to gain enough information to make recommendations based on original objectives of the study. The aims of the chosen methods are that the objectives of the research are met and fulfil the necessary requirements to make sound recommendations that will be beneficial to the airline/travel industry. Findings Discussion: Through the use of questionnaires distributed both online and as paper form constructed the collection of data to be analysed in this investigation. Table 1 shows that of the 134 respondents 57.5% (77) were female and 42.5% (57) were male. Table 2 and Figure 1 shows the geographical spread of respondents across Northern Ireland, the majority of responses came from the eastern counties, were the biggest two airports in the region are located, not to mention Dublin International Airport which is also located on the east coast of Ireland, which may suggest that those people may have the ability to travel more due to easier access. An initial examination of the data shows that Belfast International Airport is the most used by the respondents at 45.5%, closely followed by Dublin International Airport at 40.2%, given that these airports offer the highest number of choices for destinations along with connecting flights it was expected to find that they would be used the most. Only 13.4% of the respondents chose to use Belfast City Airport and 0.7% used City of Derry Airport, limitations on the number of airlines that operate from these airports may give an explanation to why so few use them. Restrictions for larger aircraft in Belfast City Airport, due to take-off weights limit the range that these aircraft can travel, which was why in December 2010 Ryanair decided to close its hub there. It is believed that the announcement of seven new routes to be offered by BMI will increase the volume of passenger traffic in the City Airport, therefore placing it on an almost equal footing with Belfast International Airport. The reason why BMI is able to offer routes to mainland Europe is that it plans to operate smaller Airbus A319 aircraft which have a lower take-off weight to range ratio than the likes of Ryanair’s Boeing 737-800 series aircraft. The data also shows that over half of the respondents (51.5%) travel to mainland Europe therefore automatically reducing the choice of using Belfast City Airport. An important factor to also be considered is that City of Derry airport actually has a longer runway than Belfast City airport, therefore making it suitable as a departure airport for mainland Europe destinations. Looking further into the spread of the population against the airports used most the more southern counties such as Armagh and Fermanagh show that the majority of people use Dublin International Airport more than Belfast International or City. In Armagh 60.8% of respondents used Dublin International Airport while only 26% used Aldergrove. Strong infrastructure with the M1 running from Newry to Dublin, and the M3 and N3 running from Cavan to Dublin allow the population of Armagh, and Fermanagh easier access to Dublin than to Belfast. For North Down, Antrim and Derry, along with parts of Tyrone, there is a significant network of â€Å"A† roads connecting into the route of the two main Belfast airports, however none as significant as the motorway system that connects Dublin International Airport. The infrastructure connecting the southern counties of Northern Ireland with Belfast international airport for example is of a considerably reduced standard of that of the Republic of Ireland. To give an example to travel from Newry – which is one of Northern Irelands biggest towns to Belfast International Airport it is estimated to take 1 hour and 4 minutes to travel the 38.6mile journey, were as the 60.6mile journey from Newry to Dublin International airport is estimated to take only 57minutes. Therefore it would be expected that the easier access to Dublin would have an influence upon travellers in deciding which airport to travel from. (Source: Google Maps) An analysis of the most preferred airline to be used shows that the majority of the population prefer to use low-cost airlines such as easyJet and Ryanair, which together made up 55.2% of all choices. With the current economic crisis it is to be expected that people are more price conscience regarding their decisions and buying power, therefore it was to be expected that the low-cost, price sensitive airlines would be most popular, that low-cost group makes up 64% of the preferred airline choice. Frances et al (2004) predicted that low-cost airlines in Europe would increase their market share of short haul traffic from 6 per cent in 2004 to between 25 – 33 per cent by 2010, a high figure of 64 per cent of respondents choosing to use low cost carriers such as Flybe, Ryanair, and easyJet would appear to show that those predictions were correct. The majorty of the investigated population travel to mainland Europe (51.5%), followed by 37.3% travelling to the UK and Ireland. These destinations are served by the low cost carriers Over 65% of the respondents felt that price was the most important factor when choosing an airline, with the next highest most important factor being customer service at 9%, such a large gap in the perceptions indicates that the people of Northern Ireland are extremely price conscious when choosing an airline to travel with. Aircraft type (41.8%) and frequent flier schemes (35.1%) were ranked the lowest of importance in influencing peoples decisions to choose an airline. Holloway (2004), gives a possible explination for the reasons why people are not particularly concerned with frequent flier programmes which can apply to Northern Ireland, he states that operators which market themselves strongly upon price would be wasting their time and effort on loyalty schemes as low-cost carriers would have to compromise their pricing approach to be able to finance customer relationship marketing. A significant number of respondents (56.7%) stated that they believed having membership to an airlines frequent flyer programme would encourage them to be loyal to that airline brand. However, only 17.2% admitted having actual membership to frequent flyer programmes, the most popular programmes being Continental One Pass, Miles and More, and Aer Lingus Gold Circle. When the population was asked what they believed was the most important benefit of having membership to a frequent flyer scheme the majority of respondents stated that price and discounts were crucial, which brings into question peoples understanding of the programmes and the benefits they provide. Most programmes will offer upgrades, lounge access, status and even free flights when enough miles are spent against these, however, research has shown that the programmes do not offer discounts on fares. In conclusion it would appear that the idea or concept of passenger loyalty within Northern Ireland is non-existent and that emphasis on price appears to outweigh any other part of an airlines operations. It is difficult in such a price orientated industry to remain so competitive and to be able to fight off rival airlines in a battle of who can provide the lowest fares but still remain profitable. Although there is a huge on-going debate as to whether or not an expansion of Belfast City Airport should go ahead so that it would have the capabilities of operating full service flights to mainland Europe, it has been identified that the City of Derry Airport is an untapped resource with the capability of serving as an international airport with fewer restrictions than that found at Belfast City Airport. Recommendations: Within Northern Ireland there would appear to be little or no concept of loyalty within the airline industry. Those consumers that fly from Northern Ireland are more concerned with recieveing good deals and are currently very price conscious when it comes to the deciosn of which airline to choose for their travels. Therefore airlines should not waste their marketing efforts on frequent flier or loyalty schemes within Northern Ireland as there appears to be little understanding of what the benefits actually are. If airlines wish to engage with the Northern Irish public in terms of promoting loyalty then they should aim at the relationship between customer satisfaction and service provided. Many people claim that in the low-cost airline world that what you get is what you pay for, however, due to regulations under EU law all passengers regardless of the airline should receive the same levels of treatment, in particular when delays or cancellations occur. As the debate continues regarding the runway extension in Belfast City Airport, it would appear that the City of Derry airport has somewhat slipped under the radar of potential carriers for Northern Ireland. With its current facilities, and recently extended safety zones at each end of the runway City of Derry Airport has the ability to operate to international mainland Europe destinations. Development of infrastructure to support an increased volume of passengers would allow City of Derry airport to be a viable alternative to either of Belfast two airports. Currently within Northern Ireland there are only thirteen different carriers that operate from the three airports, which is significantly less than the thirty two airlines that operate within the Republic of Ireland (see Table 4). Therefore, it is important that the government realise that there is a need to continue to promote Northern Ireland as a tourist destination and in turn attempt to attract more airlines to the region. The local government needs to also examine the current infrastructure near the main airports in the region and attempt to improve access which at present is not as Government needs to look at a greater development of the Belfast area and attract more airlines, also intfrasturcture needs to be improved Airlines don’t need to focus marketing activates in northern Ireland on FFP’s as people dpnt use them and are more concerned with price and reputation. Most ppl think ffp’s are a good idea but there appears to be little understanding of the benefits. Future Research: If carrying out future research into the topic of loyalty within airlines in Northern Ireland the following points should be considered. The initial research did not give an accurate geographical spread of respondents over the six county area. Also due to the lack of research on this topic across the entire United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, it may be suggested that a larger scale piece of research be carried out. The actual questionnaire used could be lengthened to include more open ended questions so that the repondents could give more qualitative information and provide the researcher with a better view point on peoples perciptions and possibly experiences that either promote loyalty within airlines or in fact discourage the repeated use of a brand. Nevertheless the use of the questionnaire was a useful learning tool in the construction of questionnaires to be used with the general public. The use of the internet was a useful tool in exposing the questionnaire to an immediately large group of people, however, with the research carried out, and due to the parameters set out in the methodologies many of the respondents were instantly invalid due to the location of the willing respondent. A greater time frame for conducting both questionnaires and interviews would also be helpful in understanding the actual indepth reasons as to why people are loyal or even why they are not loyal to airlines. Due to the time restraints in carrying out this research it was decided that there would not be enough time to carry out interviews or analyse the data collected using NVivo. The use of in depth interviews would allow the researcher to aquire better qualitative information. Appendices: Fig 1: Geographical spread of respondents Table 3: Reference List: Blackwell, R., Miniard, P., Engel, J. (2006). Consumer Behaviour. 10th ed. Mason: Thomson South Western. Hill, N., Brierley, J., MacDougall, R. (2003). How to Measure Customer Satisfaction. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Gower Publishing Ltd. Peelen, E. (2005). Customer Relationship Management. Harlow: Prentice Hall Morrison, A. (2002). Hospitality and Travel Marketing. 3rd ed. Albany: Delmar Thomson Learning Smith, S., Wheeler, J. (2002). Managing the Customer Experience – Turning Customers into Advocates. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Lovegrove, K. (2000). Airline – Identity, Design and Culture. London: Laurence King Publishing Holloway, C. (2004). Marketing for Tourism. 4th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall Page, S. (2005). Transport and Tourism – Global Perspectives. 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Jacoby, J., Kyner,D. (1973), Brand Loyalty Verses Repeat Purchasing Behaviour, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 10, p. 1-9 Oliver, R. (1999). Whence Consumer LoyaltyJournal of Marketing. Vol. 63, p. 33-34 Dean, A. (2007). The Impact of the Customer Orientation of Call Centre Employees on Customers Affective Commitment and Loyalty. Journal of Service Research. Vol. 10 Iss. 2 p. 161-173 Gourdin, K., Kloppenborg, T. (1991) Identifying Service Gaps in Commercial Air Travel: The First Step Toward Quality Improvement. Transportation Journal. Vol. 31, p. 22-30 Peppers, D., Rogers, M., Dorf, B. (1999). Is your Company Ready for One-to-One MarketingHarvard Business Review. Vol. 77, p. 151 – 160 Wong, J., Chang, T., Jeng, K., Chung, P., Lin, Y. (2006) Data Mining Techniques Applied in Airline Industry to Explore Segmentation of Repurchase Intentions and the Best Service Items Mix on Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Studies. Vol. 12, p. 139 – 154 Yi, Y. (1990). A Critical Review of Consumer Satisfaction – A Review of Marketing. Chicago: American Marketing Association Nardiri, H., Hussain, K. (2005) Diagnosing the Zone of Tolerance for Hotel Services. Managing Service Quality. Vol. 15, Iss. 3, P. 259-277 Nardiri, H., Hussain, K., Erdogan, H. (2008) An Investigation on the Factors Influencing Passengers’ Loyalty in the North Cyprus National Airline. TQM Journal. Vol. 20, Iss. 3, p. 265 -280 Barsky, J., Labagh, R. (1992). A Strategy for Customer Satisfaction. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quaterly. Vol. 35, Iss. 3, p. 32-40 Davidow, M. (2003). Have You Heard the WordThe Effect of Mouth on Perceived Justice, Satisfaction and Repurchase Intentions Following Complaint Handling. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behaviour. Vol. 16, Iss. 1, p. 67 – 80 Ekiz, H., Arasli, H. (2007). Measuring the Impacts of Organisational Responses: Case of Northern Cyprus Hotels. Managing Global Transitions: International Research Journal. Vol. 5, Iss. 3, p.271 – 287 Gustafsson, A., Ekdahl, F., Edvardsson, B. (1998). Customer focused service development in practise – A case study at Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). International Journal of Service Industry Management. Vol. 10, Iss. 4, p. 344 – 358 Teirnan, S., Rhoades, D., Waguespack Jr, B. (2008). Airline service quality – Exploratory analysis of consumer perceptions and operational performance in the USA and EU. Managing Service Quality. Vol. 18, Iss. 3, p. 212 – 224 Lennon, R., Titterington, A. (1996). The prospects for tourism in Northern Ireland. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Vol. 8, Iss. 3, p. 11 -17 Reichheld, F. (2001). The loyalty effect – The hidden force behind growth, profits and lasting value. Boston: Harvard Business School Press How to cite Are people from Northern Ireland loyal to Airlines?, Essay examples

Communicating through E-Mails in Professional World- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunicating through E-Mails in Professional World. Answer: Communication in business is considered to be an essential tool for achieving success. With the advent of digitization and internet most of the business communication has been conducted through emails. In fact, communication through emails can be performed in various level of a business organisation. Communication with the customers, with other business organisation and for internal dialogues it is becoming a growing trend to incorporate email communication as a strategic tool to connect internally and externally (Wang, Pauleen Zhang, 2016). In response to that, it is necessary for the business organisation to formulate a professional attitude in making communication through emails. Hence, the purpose of this essay is to highlight the areas and scope to set up a professional emailing strategy in order to get success in the competitive market. In addition to this, the essay will also deal with the key elements of promulgating an effective emailing set up and discuss about the pros an d cons of that method. Before analysing the key elements of communication through emailing, the discussion will put emphasis on the strategy of making better communication throughout the business orientation. For this at first the person or the organisation, which is entitled to establish the communication must have a clear idea about the outline of his message. Subsequently, active participation in terms of eye contacts, way of speaking and the body language play a pivotal role in doing effective communication (Lee et al., 2018). In addition to this, patience can be defined as a major factor in this regards. Empirical evidences prove that while establishing a good communication, often the person in the receiving end can misinterpret or misunderstand the message. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the person in communication to explain his saying sincerely. Listening is always contemplated to be a key element in the process of effective communication. It can be stated that a good speaker should always be a good listener (Wei, 2017). Therefore, the listening ability is very essential. Besides this, having a clear idea about the audience and responders is an advantageous step taken by the communicator. In fact, it will able to help in developing a good relation with every person associated with the company. All these factors are generally addressed verbal and non verbal communicative attributes of a business organisation. However, for discussing the role of non verbal communication in corporate environment it is crucial to build up a professional decorum. In this context, the role of emailing has become significant as well as relevant in maintaining a strong business relationship. In fact, past researches on the efficacy of emailing in corporate sector has shown a steady growth of development of using mails as a popular communication tool. According to Wei (2017) in the corporate business environment 72% of the employees have email accounts for serving the purpose at work. Besides this, while discussing the importance of mailing as an effective business communication Kernbach, Eppler Bresciani (2015) have opined that communication through emailing helps the company to get connected with the low level management and its employees. It assists the management to implement its decision by i ncorporating lower strata of the company hierarchy. To conduct an effective business communication it is imperative to have a clear strategy that can foster benefits for the company. The first thing before composing a business mail is to make it concise and direct, so that the recipients can get a quick idea about the purpose of the mail. Furthermore, using simple words and straight forward narratives reflects the urgency of the mail and helps to encourage adequate actions. The email must envisage a transparent understanding of the plans and strategies related to the organisation. In this regards it can be argued that the mail should be thorough in nature (Chaudhri, 2016). The reason behind maintain such process is to enlist all the facets of the purpose can be ventilated properly. In case of missing out single information, it will cause enormous problems to understand the purpose of the mail and will take plenty of time to repair. The fundamental attitude of a business mail should be less argumentative. It is better to avert any kind of controversies regarding the mail, because dubious messages can create contradiction among the receiving elements. Moreover, choosing a professional attitude rather goes for emails with emotional contents can able to create a professional approach of the company (Thomas Stephens, 2015). In response to that communications can be regarded effective by incorporating the determining factors like employees, company management and the customers. Hence, a scope to make conversation will become a positive step for the company. Direct interaction with the stakeholders can improve the relationship between management and stakeholders which can enhance trust and loyalty among various actors of the organisation (Harmon, 2015). In addition to this, checking the data and facts which are mentioned in the emails should be a priority for the company before composing a mail. It has to be kept in mind that the success of a company depends on its professionalism and sharing valuable data to the stakeholders. Positive information has the power to motivate the playing actors and they will put more concern about the company. Despite taking precautionary actions before drafting a mail the management must possess a clear idea about the consequences of the mails and the subject that the mail is ought to reflect. In addition to this, it is also necessary for the company to keep focus on the structure of the mail. Therefore, it is imperative to follow some steps regarding an effective communication through emails. In this context, relevance of the mail is a very significant element. The organisation must have opted for a relevant mail where all the key factors that the company wants to address should be highlighted. Furthermore, emails cannot be considered as the best means of communication in every situation, so that, this limitation should not be undermined (Dulek Campbell, 2015). As a matter of fact, the subject line of the emails plays a pivotal part in acknowledging a brief perspective of the topic. Hence, the subject line should be specifically short and relevant with the subject. The subject line is similar to the newspaper headline to some extent which resembles the key concept of the main body (Kwiatkowski, 2016). Therefore, the subject line must be concise and straight forward. After that, the most important part of the mail comes, comprised with the content of the subject. The main body or the content part should be direct, formal and contains data and information regarding the main idea of the subject. However, in most of the cases it can be seen that the content is less informative and lack of structural point of discussion. In fact, the length of the email is also an essential part. Lengthy discussion on the topic can undermine the importance of the purpose because most of the time people do not have enough time to go through such long mail (Tang, Pei Luk, 2014). Therefore, it is essential to compose the content to the point and direct. The way of speech or the tone of the email perceives the reflection of professionalism. Therefore, maintaining a good gesture with more emphasis on choice of words is primary to construct a mail. Politeness, wise term coinage and using simple and suitable word are necessary to determine the effectiveness of email communication in business. In addition to this, language can be the next factor of developing a better business communication. Grammatically correct with proper use of punctuation have to be maintained. The company has to keep in mind that all the recipients can understand the meaning and value of the email (Eisenberg, Johnson Pieterson, 2015). Lack of grammatical correctness and spelling mistakes are indicated the incompetency and incompleteness of the sender. Moreover, these kinds of mistakes can undermine the gravity of the message and will create an obstacle for the further strategies that the company is going to take. Besides this, it is also imperative for the email sender to become a quick responder. It also symbolizes good email etiquette with a reflection of the urgency of the task. Moreover, a short but quick reply can identify professionalism and level of urgency of the mail (Cristina, Karam Andreea, 2017). Despite all the measures taken for creating an effective business communication through email there are always a possibility to create a communication gap by using non-verbal communicative tools. Henceforth, the success of non-verbal communication does not prove the limitation of the mechanism. Inconsistency, difference of interpretation and misunderstanding related to the subject, all are the possibilities of accessing indirect communication. However, the purpose of this essay is to make a good and effective emailing business communication. The reason behind choosing this topic as a discussion is to eradicate the problems that are erected by using emailing communicative strategy. The arguments are strongly dedicated to enhance the efficacy of emailing business communication and in order to do that the essay had mentioned a process to develop the email communication more efficient and pragmatic. Reference Chaudhri, V. (2016). Corporate social responsibility and the communication imperative: Perspectives from CSR managers.International Journal of Business Communication,53(4), 419-442. Cristina, N., Karam, A., Andreea, H. (2017). Using Business Etiquette Nowadays. Qualitative Research on Business Phoning, Emailing and Meetings.Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series,17(2), 444-448. Dulek, R. E., Campbell, K. S. (2015). On the dark side of strategic communication.International Journal of Business Communication,52(1), 122-142. Eisenberg, E. M., Johnson, Z., Pieterson, W. (2015). Leveraging social networks for strategic success.International Journal of Business Communication,52(1), 143-154. Harmon, P. (2015). The scope and evolution of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 37-80). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Kernbach, S., Eppler, M. J., Bresciani, S. (2015). The use of visualization in the communication of business strategies: An experimental evaluation.International Journal of Business Communication,52(2), 164-187. Kwiatkowski, C. (2016).The application of interpersonal communication skills in intercultural business communication held via e-mail(Doctoral dissertation, , ). Lee, J. Y. H., Panteli, N., Blow, A. M., Hsu, C. (2018). Email adaptation for conflict handling: A case study of cross?border inter?organisational partnership in East Asia.Information Systems Journal,28(2), 318-339. Tang, G., Pei, J., Luk, W. S. (2014). Email mining: tasks, common techniques, and tools.Knowledge and Information Systems,41(1), 1-31. Thomas, G. F., Stephens, K. J. (2015). An introduction to strategic communication. Wang, W. Y., Pauleen, D. J., Zhang, T. (2016). How social media applications affect B2B communication and improve business performance in SMEs.Industrial Marketing Management,54, 4-14. Wei, X. (2017). Developing Thai EFL Learners Email Literacy in Business Communication Course at Tertiary Level, Thailand.Scholar: Human Sciences,9(1).